Should We Reinforce the Effort or the Result?

Should We Reinforce the Effort or the Result?

Introduction: the problem The main difficulty in some learning processes is to reinforce the right behavior at the right time, which bad teachers, bad parents, and bad trainers do not master (bad means inefficient, and it is not a moral judgment). If you ask, “should...
Fearful Behavior—a Critical Review

Fearful Behavior—a Critical Review

When facing a threat, and flight is not possible, the next best option is to hide and freeze (photo from Molly’ s Just You Only Better). When facing a social-threat, submissive behavior is the best option. This dog shows what ethologists call active-submissive...
Aggressive Behavior—a Critical Review

Aggressive Behavior—a Critical Review

Aggressive and dominant (self-confident) behavior (picture from Dogsquad). Aggressive and submissive behavior (not fearful). That is the behavior a cornered dog shows when pacifying, submission and flight don’t work (picture from Doggies). Aggressive and submissive...
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